TYPES OF SOUNDS
- Consonant - a sound made by partially or completely blocking air in the mouth with the teeth, tongue, or lips
- Vowel - a sound made with an open mouth, with no air blocked by the teeth, tongue, or lips
WORDS TO DESCRIBE VOWELS
- Back – made with your tongue pulled towards the back of your mouth
- Central – made with your tongue in the center of your mouth, not pulled forward or backward
- Diphthong – made by combining two vowels into one syllable
- Front – made with your tongue pulled towards the front of your mouth and with your lips spread out
- High - made with your tongue raised near the roof of your mouth
- Lax – made with a relaxed tongue
- Low – made with your tongue lowered in your mouth and with your jaw lowered
- Mid - made with your tongue in the middle of your mouth, neither raised nor lowered
- Reduced - changed to become an unstressed vowel, often Schwa (/ə/)
- Round – made with the lips forming a circle
- Stressed - longer, louder, and higher-pitched than other vowels in a word
- Tense – made with a tightened tongue
- Unstressed - shorter, quieter, and lower-pitched than the stressed vowel
WORDS TO DESCRIBE CONSONANTS
- Affricate – made by combining a stop consonant with a fricative consonant in the same part of the mouth
- Alveolar – made with the tip of your tongue touching your alveolar ridge (the hard part of the roof of your mouth behind your teeth)
- Bilabial – made using both lips
- Fricative – made by partially stopping the flow of air in your mouth but allowing some air to escape
- Glide - pronounced like a vowel sound, but occurs at a syllable boundary next to a vowel
- Glottal - made by blocking air in the vocal tract
- Labiodental - made with your upper front teeth touching your lower lip
- Liquid - made with your tongue near a specific place in the mouth, changing but not blocking the flow of air
- Nasal - made with air flowing out through your nose, but not through your mouth
- Palatal - made with the middle of your tongue touching your hard palate (the hard, bony place in the middle of the roof of your mouth)
- Stop – made by completely stopping the flow of air in your mouth, then suddenly releasing the air
- Velar – made with the back of your tongue touching your velum (the soft part of the back of the roof of your mouth)
- Voiced - made by vibrating the vocal cords
- Voiceless - made without vibrating the vocal cords
OTHER WORDS
- Consonant cluster - two or more consonants pronounced together in a syllable, without being separated by a vowel
- Enunciate – pronounce clearly and distinctly
- Syllable - a unit of sound that has one vowel, with or without consonants
- Prefix - a unit of sound added to the beginning of a word, which changes the meaning of the word
- Suffix - a unit of sound added to the end of a word, which changes the meaning of the word

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